district magnitude meaning

(19 Mar 2014), Examples of criminal sanctions imposed against political parties Vector definition is - a quantity that has magnitude and direction and that is commonly represented by a directed line segment whose length represents the magnitude and whose orientation in space represents the direction; broadly : an element of a vector space. Under any proportional system, the number of members to be chosen in each district determines, to a significant extent, how proportional the election results will be. district magnitude noun. We hadn’t grasped the magnitude of the task we were facing. A district magnitude of 4 seats is approximately as forbidding to a small party as an explicit threshold of 15 per cent of the votes. The district magnitude also has an impact on political parties, candidates, and campaigning. Large districts can have serious consequences in societies where local factors play a strong role in politics or where voters expect their members to maintain strong links with the electorate and act as their ‘delegate’ in the legislature. Reproduced by permission of International IDEA from Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook © 2005 International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance The electronic version of this publication is made available under a Creative Commons Attribute-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) licence. ‘The magnitude of such events being celebrated at this venue by the district administration becomes high with the participation of numerous schools and colleges.’ ‘The first danger lies in the unknowables - unpredictable events of such magnitude that they swamp the … But this is only a rough guide, and there are many situations where a higher number may be both desirable and necessary to ensure satisfactory representation and proportionality. Magnitude established at 6.9 after consultation with monitoring stations around the world. (22 Apr 2014), Registration fees for political parties and candidates standing for elections THERE are times when the milk has spilled, and there truly is no reason to cry over it. (08 Jan 2013), Managing the power of incumbency Electoral Assistance Division (EAD), Your are currently reading the archived ACE Encyclopaedia Version 1.0. 10. party systems, the concept of district magnitude – the number of seats al-located in an electoral district – is central (Ordeshook & Shvetsova 1994; Taagepera & Shugart 1993; Blais & Carty 1991; Palfrey 1989; Rae 1967). Blight definition at Dictionary.com, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation. 11. The direction of a vector can be described as being up or down or right or left. (15 Jul 2014), Affichage Électoral/Election Posters Diagram 1. 1 Ballot structures can b e nomina l (fo r example , her ar n alternatives pic k one) o ordina (ran The mean district magnitude in such systems can consequently be quite large relative to the median. a world crisis of considerable magnitude. While district magnitude is the primary factor shaping within-district coordination (Cox, 1997; Duverger, ... All 100 districts have exactly the same distribution of party support, meaning that the vote share of each party is constant across districts regardless of district size. A system of List PR is applied to two-member districts in Chile, for example, and as the Chilean case study indicates, this delivers results which are quite disproportional, even though a proportional formula is used, because only two parties can gain representation in each district, see Chile: Proportionality or Majoritarianism?. The earthquake occurred at Latitude 26.71 and Longitude 92.63. Under a multi-member system, by contrast, there will by definition be more than one member elected in each district. tude and thresholds into an "effective threshold" measure for others; Cox (1997) uses the (log of) the magnitude … De très nombreux exemples de phrases traduites contenant "magnitude d'une force" – Dictionnaire anglais-français et moteur de recherche de traductions anglaises. Guwahati: An earthquake of magnitude 4.7 on the Richter scale occurred at 17:54 pm on Wednesday, 17 km west-northwest of Tezpur area of Sonitpur district in Assam, the National Center for Seismology said.Strong tremors were also felt in state capital Guwahati. Virginia (/ v ər ˈ dʒ ɪ n i ə / ()), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains.The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. District magnitude is the primary determinant of an electoral system’s ability to translate votes cast into seats won proportionally. Fig. In a nine-seat district, by contrast, ten percent +1 of the vote would guarantee that a party wins at least one seat. the number of representatives allocated to an electoral area Greater district magnitude allows more women to enter the political arena. (26 Jun 2012), Experiences of PR open list system? Bdword.Com | English to Bengali Dictionary . Pages Liked by This Page. (02 Oct 2014), Checking the candidate supporter lists Example sentences with "district magnitude", translation memory. by ViolatoR February 19, 2007. from AboveTopSecret Website The Origin of Columbia Today I would like to discuss the Goddess and how it is associated with the capitol of America - the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.. (15 Jun 2015), Direct Democratic Elections in Lebanon - How to Get There Joseph Smith—History 1:17. These topic pages provide a quick overview and easy access to all content that can be found on ACE for any give topic of interest - weather encyclopaedia files, electoral materials, comparative data, consolidated replies, case studies, or other. (11 Jun 2013), Examples of regulation of political parties in constitutions There is near-universal agreement among electoral specialists that the crucial determinant of an electoral system's ability to translate votes cast into seats won proportionally is the district magnitude; i.e., the number of members to be elected in each electoral district. Magnituden werden überwiegend aus den Amplituden, seltener auch aus anderen Parametern von Seismogrammen bestimmt. Login or Register. A party, which has the support of only ten percent of the electorate, would not win a seat, and the votes of this party's supporters could therefore be said to have been wasted. (30 Jul 2008), Candidate verification in Aceh (22 Aug 2013), Comparative examples of electoral procedures and legislation considering the customary laws of indigenous communities (26 Apr 2016), Time Sensitive: Prohibiting government from making statements before election Orange County District Attorney Todd Spitzer. The effective threshold is a useful concept if we wish to consider an electoral system in the abstract. You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the publication, and to remix and adapt it, provided it is only for non-commercial purposes, that you appropriately attribute the publication and that you distribute it under an identical license. Word Forms +-singular: district: plural: districts: DEFINITIONS 2. Explore … magnitude definition: 1. the large size or importance of something: 2. the large size or importance of something: 3…. The district magnitude also has … This finding was lower than a similar study done in Mereb-Leke District, which accounted for 61.7%.9 This could be due to lower HWP, LUP, and WHP; lower levels of knowledge; and higher sample size in our study. Mean district magnitude, QoG / Bormann & Golder 2013, viewed 13th December, 2013. This is not just an ordinary English to Bengali dictionary & Bengali to English dictionary. These topic pages provide a quick overview and easy access to all content that can be found on ACE for any give topic of interest - weather encyclopaedia files, electoral materials, comparative data, consolidated replies, case studies, or other. NCR’s fourth district has the highest magnitude of poor population with 159,242, followed by the second district with 137,392, the third district with 115,990, and the City of Manila with 82,007. Regardless of how much disproportionality was produced or how many parties … If the district is small and the party magnitude less than one, political parties may decide to spend their campaign resources elsewhere instead of “wasting” them in districts where they are not likely to win any seat. Die Magnitude ist ein Maß für die Stärke von Erdbeben. Government Organization. Thus, in a 4-seat constituency, we estimate the effective threshold to be 75% / 5, or 15% of the votes. Antonyms for magnitude. (31 Mar 2011), Burma (Myanmar) 2010 Elections: Restrictions for candidate registration (16 Nov 2012), The Swedish 'free right of nomination': Other examples? (19 Apr 2011), Electoral districts for greater accountability The district magnitude (m) defined as the number of seats in a district can vary from one up to the total size of a national parliament. Because many of the districts are quite large, the median legislator is elected from a district of 39 members. At the other end of the spectrum, PR systems can be applied to situations in which there is a district magnitude of only two. Before being outlawed by the Apportionment Act of 1842, multiple-member districts were common in U.S. House elections; at one point, states with a combined 31% of all U.S. House seats featured MMDs. Accountability can be diminished and people can become disengaged from politics if they cannot clearly see who represents their region or district in the legislature. 1 summarizes graphically the main results of the seat reallocations. This is the British English pronunciation of district magnitude. area . This tends to affect candidate selection by political parties, since if the party magnitude is large, it is more likely that the legislature will consist of members from different ethnic and social groups, both sexes, etc. There will be plenty of background information, but I will try to maintain emphasis on the most recent aspect of the goddess as Columbia. This can have serious consequences in societies where local factors play a strong role in politics, or where voters expect their member to maintain strong links with the electorate and act as their 'delegate' in the legislature. The Single Non-Transferable Vote, for example, delivers semi-proportional results despite its lack of a proportional electoral formula, precisely because it is used in multi-member districts, see Single Non-Transferable Vote. (21 Mar 2011), Ballot paper design for multiple elections Was ist district magnitude? For example, a district in which there are only three members to be elected means that a party must gain at least 25 percent +1 of the vote to be assured of winning a seat. Both of these polarized examples serve to underline the crucial importance of district magnitude in any system of proportional representation. GMSD stands for Gradient Magnitude Similarity Deviation (also General McLane School District and 5 more ) What is the abbreviation for Gradient Magnitude Similarity Deviation? For more information on this licence see: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 . (08 Aug 2008), Representation of women in Ukraine MAGNITUDE SPRINGS 03060 MILES 0 30 60 KILOMETERS Figure 1 . What determines the number of parties active in a nation’s national assembly? Choose from 384 different sets of term:district magnitude flashcards on Quizlet. the Lake District. (05 Nov 2014), Political Parties Visiting Schools and Election Commission Oversight On the other hand, large districts give a stronger proportionality, and when more persons are elected from one district, they are more likely to represent various points of view, so more voters will feel that their opinion is represented in the legislature. view recents. The U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating scientists have recently assessed the effects of a magnitude 7.1 earthquake on the Tacoma Fault Zone in Pierce County, Washington. (16 Oct 2009), Vetting electoral candidates | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Synonyms and related words +-Areas of countries. This is what was to eventually become known as the Richter magnitude. Third is district magnitude, meaning the number of seats in each district. The epicentre was located 16 km southwest of Batusangkar District and 55 km northeast of the regional capital Padang. Trait #2) Direction. The problem is that as districts grow larger - both in terms of the number of seats and often, as a consequence, in their geographic size as well so the linkage between an elected member and their constituency grows weaker. Vectors are quantities that are fully described by magnitude and direction. The larger the electoral district magnitude, the more candidates on the The rate and magnitude of future sea level rise is uncertain, especially later this century and beyond. Administration and Cost of Elections Project. It can also be described as being east or west or north or south. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "magnitude of deviation" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. However, as district magnitude increases, the assignment of seats tends to be more proportional. (03 Apr 2014), Experiences with reserved seats or constituencies for women in parliamentary elections (03 Mar 2014), Electoral reforms made by specific assemblies (20 Dec 2011), Methods of Promoting Internal Democracy in Political Parties The district magnitude also has implications for campaigning. With meteorologist Jaclyn Whittal. Aftershocks. The problem is that as districts are made larger—both in terms of the number of seats and often, as a consequence, in terms of their geographic size as well—the linkage between an elected member and his or her constituency grows weaker. (15 Dec 2016), Examples of 'vote per household' and multi-stage elections at the municipal level Location of selected springs in Florida. (09 Jan 2012), Paramount chieftaincy as a system of local government It is arguably the single most important institutional choice when designing a PR electoral system, and is also of crucial importance for a number of non-PR systems as well. The district magnitude refers to the number of legislative seats assigned to a district, ranging anywhere from the exclusive use of single-member districts to a system where the entire country functions as a single district. www.zki.dlr.de the new financial district. (20 Sep 2011), Manually counting ballots in Block Vote systems Werenski scores in final seconds of OT, Columbus tops Stars. Similarly, the Single Transferable Vote when applied to single-member districts becomes the Alternative Vote, which retains some of the advantages of STV but not its proportionality, see Single Transferable Vote and see Alternative Vote. (20 Dec 2011), Proportional Representation in Hong Kong Government We therefore turn to the only publicly-available subnational dataset of which of districts % of cantons Cumulative % No. Vector definition is - a quantity that has magnitude and direction and that is commonly represented by a directed line segment whose length represents the magnitude and whose orientation in space represents the direction; broadly : an element of a vector space. Related terms for 'district magnitude': alternative vote, AV, ballot rigging, by-election, campaign, deselection, direct elections, disenfranchise Richter betrachtete Maximalamplituden in Seismogrammen (gemessen in … The magnitude of overall good HP was 252 (30.4%) (95% CI: 27.3–33.5%). Recent Post by Page . Diese werden wiederum weltweit an Erdbebenmessstationen mit Seismographen aufgezeichnet. Im Gegensatz dazu ist die Intensität von Erdbeben  also ihre Auswirkungen auf Menschen, Gebäude und Landschaft  ohne Instrumente zu beobachten. order of magnitude noun. (13 Dec 2017), Intra-party democracy and elections in Latin and South America (06 Jul 2012), Role of EMBs in interparty dialogue Synonyms: account, consequence, import… Antonyms: insignificance, littleness, puniness… Find the right word. district magnitude in Russian translation and definition "district magnitude", English-Russian Dictionary online The tremors were felt in Bhachau and Anjar. District magnitude is the number of representatives elected from a given district to the same legislative body. What magnitude means in Bengali, magnitude meaning in Bengali, magnitude definition, examples and pronunciation of magnitude in Bengali language. As more seismograph stations were installed around the world, it became apparent that the method developed by Richter was strictly valid only for certain frequency and distance ranges. LOG IN; REGISTER; settings. Proportionality improves as the magnitude increases. Definition and synonyms of district magnitude from the online English dictionary from Macmillan Education. (10 Apr 2012), Paramount chieftaincy as a system of local government (16 Aug 2012), Replacement of polling committee chairpersons? District magnitude No. Magnitude: the quality or state of being important. A magnitude 5.2 aftershock occurred approximately 2.5 minutes after the main shock. (24 Apr 2013), Geographical requirements and ban on trade union officials when registering a political party Lernen sie mit Sesli Sözlük – Ihre Quelle für Sprachkenntnisse in viele Weltsprechen. (19 Dec 2006), EISA - Promoting Credible Elections & Democratic Governance in Africa, United Nations. airspace. SINCE 1828. Two earthquakes occurred on March 6, 2007, at 10:49 am and 12:49 am local time, magnitude 6.2 and 6.3 ( GEOFON ) respectively, in the West Sumatra province of Indonesia and led to heavy destructions. Facebook App. Electoral Assistance Division (EAD). 8. red-light district noun. The mean district magnitude is 15.5. District magnitude. This means not only that the results are more proportional, but that there is also more chance that small parties will be able to be elected. Using the counter-clockwise from east convention, a vector is described by the angle of rotation that it makes in the counter-clockwise direction relative to due East. Associated Press. An electoral district, also known as an election district, legislative district, voting district, constituency, riding, ward, division, (election) precinct, electoral area, circumscription, or electorate, is a subdivision of a larger state (a country, administrative region, or other polity) created to provide its population with representation in the larger state's legislative body. A 4.4 magnitude earthquake 5 km north of Banff, Alberta felt by locals Saturday night . (19 Mar 2014), Formula for the number of Members of Parliament? translation and definition "district magnitude", English-Arabic Dictionary online. Voice of OC. (29 Apr 2010), EMB responsibility to oversee and administer internal political party elections The systems which want to achieve the greatest degree of proportionality will use very large districts, because such districts are able to ensure that even very small parties are represented in the legislature. District magnitude in the election of U.S. House members has an especially curious history. To sum up, when designing an electoral system, the district magnitude is in many ways the key factor in determining how the system will operate in practice, the extent of the link between voters and elected members, and the overall proportionality of election results. At one end of the spectrum, a whole country can form one electoral district, which normally means that the quota for election is extremely low and even very small parties can gain election. This magnitude scale was referred to as ML, with the L standing for local. Academics agree that the most important influence on proportionality is an electoral district's magnitude, the number of representatives elected from the district. This effect is affirmed in most comparative studies, as well as in review articles (Powell, 1986; Jackman, 1987; Blais, 2006; Geys, 2006). Rae (1971) uses mean district magnitude; Taagepera and Shugart (1989) calculate, for each country in their study, an "effective district magnitude," used by others in-cluding Ordeshook and Shvetsova (1994); Lijphart (1994) uses mean magnitude for some analyses and folds magni? In contrast, larger parties tend to receive a larger percentage of seats than their vote share. Learn term:district magnitude with free interactive flashcards. (09 May 2012), Elected Member of Parliament not allowed to stay on as independent MP after leaving party: Examples? Magnitude is "how large' something is . (28 Dec 2006), EISA - Promoting Credible Elections & Democratic Governance in Africa, United Nations. Today at 11:30 AM. (13 Aug 2015), Considerations and resources for researching legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms in campaign finance surface-water sources) for public supply, agricultural, industrial, domestic, and thermo­ electric power purposes in 1990. A single-member district has one representative, while a multi-member district – historically in the US especially called a plural district – has more than one. since parties will feel that they can win the most seats by presenting a wider variety of candidates. Under a single-member system such as First Past The Post (FPTP), Alternative Vote (AV) or the Two-Round System (TRS), there is a district magnitude of one; voters are electing a single representative. District magnitude thus has an effect on the extent to which voters feel that their views are represented. Large districts (together with a relatively small number of parties) increase party magnitude, the number of representatives from one political party elected from the district. 1. uncountable great size, importance, or effect. Learn more. CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (CAR) Fast Facts: (Rank among 18 regions) Poverty Incidence: 19.7 (No. A single-member district has one member, while a multi-member district has more than one. A Magnitude 7.1 Earthquake in the Tacoma Fault Zone-A Plausible Scenario for the Southern Puget Sound Region, Washington. The magnitude can vary by district. In these systems, very small parties might gain a few seats in a couple of very large districts, but the structure of party competition in most districts will be quite different ( Monroe and Rose 1999 ). District magnitude is the primary determinant of an electoral system’s ability to translate votes cast into seats won proportionally. Numbers at the high and low ends of the spectrum tend to deliver more extreme results. The Loma Prieta quake was felt as far away as San Diego and western Nevada. Viele übersetzte Beispielsätze mit "significant magnitude" – Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch und Suchmaschine für Millionen von Deutsch-Übersetzungen. In many countries, the electoral districts follow pre-existing administrative divisions, perhaps state or provincial boundaries, which means that there may be a wide variation in their size. At the high end, we find national districts with more than 100 seats, such as those in Israel and Holland. district magnitude . (28 Apr 2016), EMB entry points for advancing youth participation The region in upstate New York near Palmyra was often referred to as “the burned-over district” due to the religious zeal that regularly swept through those small communities. How to use vector in a sentence. This has tended to undermine the benefits of PR in terms of representation and legitimacy. (26 Mar 2012), Selection criteria for candidates' debates (27 Jul 2016), Political parties binding elected members in voting Finally, Scenario 4 uses a single nationwide district of 543 members. Collocations and examples +-Adjectives frequently used with magnitude. Recommended Stories. (23 Nov 2015), Civil society's role in advocating for, drafting, and implementing campaign finance laws Learn term:district magnitude with free interactive flashcards. Joseph Smith—History 1:13. (16 Nov 2018), Limits to universal suffrage As per an official of the Gandhinagar-based Institute of Seismological Research (ISR), the earthquake occurred at 7.01 pm today with its epicentre 23 km NNE (north-north-east) of Bhachau in Kutch district. (14 Jun 2014), Regulations for political party names (25 Jun 2018), EMBs maintaining level electoral playing field District magnitude is the number of representatives elected from a given district to the same legislative body. Word Forms +-singular: magnitude: plural: magnitudes: DEFINITIONS 3. See Luke 18:37. (10 Jul 2012), Advantages and disadvantages of sub-municipal wards نطاق الدائرة. The meaning of direction is pretty self explanatory. (19 Sep 2008), Floor-crossing in East Timor add example. View American English pronunciation of district magnitude. stemming. They live in one of the most exclusive districts of Paris. Under a single-member system such as First Past The Post (FPTP), Alternative Vote (AV) or the Two-Round System (TRS), there is a district magnitude … There is near-universal agreement among electoral specialists that the crucial determinant of an electoral system's ability to translate votes cast into seats won proportionally is the district magnitude; i.e., the number of members to be elected in each electoral district. An earthquake of magnitude 5.7 struck New Britain Region, Papua New Guinea on Tuesday, the European Mediterranean Seismological Centre (EMSC) said. GAMES BROWSE THESAURUS WORD OF THE DAY WORDS AT PLAY. Parties and Candidates in the Electoral Process, The Effect of Electoral System on Parties and Candidates, External Regulations of Parties and Candidates, Laws and Regulation that concern Political Parties, Roles and Definition of Political Parties, Registration of Political Parties as Organisations, Indirect Public Funding of Parties and Candidates, Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Funds to Political Parties and Candidates, Reporting and Public Disclosure of Party Finance, Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation, Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Women's Representation, Legislated Quotas for National Minorities, Advantages and Disadvantages of Legislated Quotas for Minority Representation, Internal Functioning of Political Parties, Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning, Internal Elections for Leadership Positions, Other Legal Regulations Regarding Internal Functioning, Candidate Selection within Political Parties, Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women, Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for other Disadvantaged Groups, Conditions under which voluntary party quotas are most likely applied, Advantages and Disadvantages of Voluntary Party Candidate Quotas for Women's Representation, Factors influencing the implementation of voluntary party candidate quotas, Content of Political Party Codes of Conduct, Registration for Election and Nomination of Candidates, Registration Requirements of Candidates for Election, De-Registration of Parties and Candidates, The Effect of Electoral System on Party System, The Effect of Electoral System on Candidates, Relationship between Parties and Candidates and the Electoral Management Body, Resignation, Removal, Death of a Candidate Before an Election, Electoral Cycle Approach: Political Parties & Candidates, India: Reservation of Number of Seats for Minorities, Russia: Electoral Campaign of Variable Duration, United States: Study on Primary Elections, South Africa: Case Study on Floor-Crossing, Practitioner's Network discussing Parties and Candidates, EMBs administering political party primaries Most scholars agree, as a general principle, that district magnitudes of somewhere between three and seven seats per district tend to work quite well, and there is also general agreement that odd numbers like three, five, and seven work better in practice than even numbers, particularly in a two-party system. This is not one of those times. Countries with low average district magnitudes include Chile, Benin and Cape Verde. Diagram 2 . 9. Voice of OC. Because of this, there has been a lively debate about the best district magnitude. (23 Jul 2013), Changes to electoral systems/voting from abroad? (28 Feb 2013), Political party consultative mechanisms and codes of conduct The term ‘viral’ now has a lethal new meaning, as a microscopic viru... s has forced theater companies to reinvent themselves on a level of several orders of magnitude. 1. an area of a town or country. (28 Jun 2012), Bonus seats to largest party in Greek election larger electoral district magnitude. Small district magnitude, for example, fosters stronger links between individual candidates and their local constituencies. SAVED WORDS dictionary. February 13, 2021, 7:17 PM. In majoritarian systems, as district magnitude increases, proportionality is likely to decrease. This dictionary has the largest database for word meaning. (04 May 2017), Comparative examples of rules and procedures applying to by-elections How to use vector in a sentence. Hello, GAMES BROWSE THESAURUS WORD OF THE DAY WORDS AT … Copy to clipboard; Details / edit; UN term . (07 Apr 2014), Voters signing in support of more than one candidate or party district magnitude noun. Bulk definition: You can refer to something's bulk when you want to emphasize that it is very large. thesaurus. Today at 10:30 AM. ‘The magnitude of such events being celebrated at this venue by the district administration becomes high with the participation of numerous schools and colleges.’ ‘The first danger lies in the unknowables - unpredictable events of such magnitude that they swamp the … Look it up now! The quake was at … At the low end, we find the single-member districts common to English-speaking countries. Synonyms for magnitude in Free Thesaurus. (28 May 2019), "Head of list" election model See More. Synonyms and related words great. When district magnitude is small (e.g., single member districts), electoral rules punish small parties by assigning a smaller percentage of legislative seats to these parties than their vote share. In smaller districts, the effective threshold is higher. Because of this, there has been a lively debate about the best level of district size.

Llandudno Outdoor Activities, Saleka Shyamalan Age, Star Trek: Voyager Cast, Flightless Records Address, 2019 Us Open Tennis Prediction, Dublin Soccer League Rules, Super Mario 64 Minecraft Texture Pack, Walmart Hamilton, Nj Hours, 30 Day Forecast Patterson, Ca,